Nikola Tesla



Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856, and died on January 7, 1943, in the Austrian Empire. He was an engineer, inventor, and futurist of Serbian American descent. Despite not obtaining a degree, Tesla began studying engineering and physics in the 1870s. He is famous for his work on the design of the present AC electrical delivery system. In the early 1880s, he worked at Continental Edison and in the telecommunications business to obtain practical knowledge in the emerging electric power sector. His journey to the United States began in 1884, and he eventually became a citizen. Before going it alone, he had a stint at New York City's Edison Machine Works. In New York, Tesla established labs and businesses to create various mechanical and electrical devices with the aid of investors who helped fund and promote his ideas. He made a tidy sum from the licencing of his AC induction motor and associated polyphase AC patents to Westinghouse Electric in 1888; his inventions formed the basis of the polyphase system that Westinghouse Electric subsequently commercialized.

Among Tesla's many experiments were early X-ray imaging, electrical discharge tubes, and mechanical oscillators/generators, all of which he hoped to patent and sell. A pioneer in the field of wirelessly operated boats, he also constructed one. Famous for his theatrics in public lectures and for entertaining famous faces and rich clientele in his lab, Nikola Tesla rose to prominence as an innovator. In the 1890s, Tesla conducted high-voltage, high-frequency power tests in Colorado Springs and New York to test his theories on wireless illumination and electric power distribution over the world. He speculated on wireless communication in 1893 with his inventions. The incomplete Wardenclyffe Tower was Tesla's attempt to implement these theories into a functional intercontinental wireless communication and power transmitter. Unfortunately, he was unable to finish the project due to a lack of finance.

Following Wardenclyffe, Tesla tried his hand at a number of innovations in the 1910s and 1920s, each of which met with mixed reviews. Tesla stayed in many hotels in New York after spending most of his money, and he left behind unpaid debts at each one. January 1943 was the year of his death in the Big Apple. In 1960, the General Conference on Weights and Measures honored Tesla by renaming the International System of Units (SI) measurement of magnetic flux density the tesla. Prior to this, Tesla's work had fallen into near oblivion after his death. Since the 1990s, Tesla has experienced a spike in popularity.

On July 10, 1856, Nikola Tesla entered this world into a Serb family in the Austrian Empire's Military Frontier (modern-day Croatia) settlement of Smiljan. The father of Nikola Tesla was an Orthodox priest named Milutin (1819–1879). Josif, who was a math professor at a military institution and the brother of his father, produced many mathematics textbooks.

Georgiana "?uka" Mandi?, Tesla's mom? He was gifted in the memorization of Serbian epic poetry and had a knack for creating mechanical appliances and home craft instruments (1822–1892). His father was also an Eastern Orthodox priest. ?Uka had never attended school. Tesla said that his mother's genes and influence gave him his eidetic recall and creative ability.

Of his five siblings, Tesla was the fourth. Marica, Milka, and Angelina were his three sisters; Dane, his older brother, died in a horseback riding accident when Tesla was around six or seven years old. German, mathematics, and religion were Tesla's subjects in elementary school in Smiljan in 1861. The Tesla family relocated to Gospi, a neighboring town, in 1862.where the late Nikola Tesla served as a parish pastor. Nikola went on to finish elementary and intermediate school. The Higher Real Gymnasium in Karlovac was Tesla's high school from 1870 to 1871. Like other schools around the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier, it used German as its medium of instruction. Early in his patent filings, Tesla would state that he was a citizen of "of Smiljan, Lika, border country of Austria-Hungary." This was before he became an American citizen.

In his subsequent writings, Tesla said that his fascination with electricity sprang from his physics professor's experiments. In light of these "mysterious phenomena" demonstrations, Tesla remarked, "to know more of this wonderful force" became his desire. His professors thought Tesla was cheating since he could mentally do integral math. He graduated in 1873 after completing a four-year term in just three years.

Tesla went back to Smiljan after finishing college, but he got cholera, was bedridden for nine months, and came dangerously close to dying more many once. When Tesla was very sick, his father, who had hoped he would become a priest, made a heartfelt pledge to send him to the top technical school in the world if he got well. Tesla revealed afterwards that when he was sick, he read some of Mark Twain's early works.

Running southeast of Lika to Tomingaj, near Gra?, Tesla escaped conscription into the Austro-Hungarian Army the next year in Smiljan.the air. He dove headfirst into the mountains, dressed like a hunter. In his own words, Tesla felt a "mental and physical strength boost" after spending time in nature. With the support of a Military Frontier scholarship, he attended Graz's Imperial-Royal Technical College in 1875. While at Graz, Tesla detailed his fascination with Professor Jakob Pöschl's detailed lectures on electricity and how he offered suggestions to improve the design of an electric motor the professor was demonstrating. He also received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father, which stated, "Your son is a star of first rank." Tesla passed nine exams, nearly twice the required number. He departed Graz in December 1878, nonetheless, since he was failing classes at the end of his third year. Possibly expelled for gambling and womanizing, one biographer claims Tesla was not studying.

Once Tesla dropped out of school, he stopped communicating with his family. In January, one of his classmates encountered Tesla in Maribor and informed his family about the encounter, dispelling the notion that he had drowned in the neighboring river Mur. As it turned out, Tesla was making sixty florins a month as a draftsman there. At last he tracked down his son in March 1879, and Milutin made an effort to persuade him to go back to Prague to school. Is Tesla back in Gospi? deported later that month due to his lack of a residency permit. The next month, on April 17, 1879, at the age of 60, following an illness that was not specifically named, Tesla's father passed away. Tesla continued to instruct a big class at his former Gospi? school for the remainder of the academic year.

Two of Tesla's uncles pooled their funds in January 1880 to enable him to depart Gospi? on his way to Prague for his academic pursuits. He was unable to enrol at Charles-Ferdinand University since he was late, lacked proficiency in Czech, and had never taken Greek, two of the compulsory courses. Despite his role as an auditor at the university, Tesla did not get any grades for the philosophy classes he attended.



When Tivadar Puskás offered Tesla a position with the Budapest Telephone Exchange, a telegraph corporation, in 1881, Tesla uprooted his life and headed to Hungary. The enterprise was still in its early stages of development when Tesla arrived, so he took a job as a draftsman at the Central Telegraph Office. Thanks to Tesla's appointment as head electrician, the Budapest Telephone Exchange was up and running in a matter of months. While employed there, Tesla enhanced the Central Station's machinery and said that he had developed an amplifier or repeater for telephones; however, neither he nor anybody else ever patented or publicly detailed this invention.

Upon Tesla's recommendation from Tivadar Puskás, the Continental Edison Company in Paris offered him a new position in 1882. During the early 1900s, Tesla entered a hitherto untapped market by constructing citywide electric power utilities that used indoor incandescent lighting. Tesla was an employee of the Société Electrique Edison, one of the company's subsidiaries located in the Paris neighborhood of Ivry-sur-Seine, which was responsible for the installation of the lighting system. While there, he racked up a tonne of real-world electrical engineering experience. When upper management saw how well-versed he was in engineering and physics, they quickly had him work on new and improved dynamos and motors for power generation. They then dispatched him to fix engineering issues at other Edison utilities in Germany and France.

After serving as manager of the Paris installation, Charles Batchelor returned to the US in 1884 to take charge of the manufacturing branch of Edison, the Edison Machine Works, in New York City. Batchelor also requested the return of Tesla to the US. Upon his arrival in the United States in June 1884, Tesla didn't waste any time getting to work at the Machine Works on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. The shop was jam-packed with hundreds of machinists, laborers, managers, and twenty "field engineers" all attempting to construct the massive electric utility in the city. Just as in Paris, Tesla was focusing on upgrading generators and fixing installations. According to historian W. Bernard Carlson, Tesla may have only had a few of encounters with Thomas Edison, the founder of the corporation. In his book, Tesla recounts an incident where he saw Batchelor and Edison, who poked fun of their "Parisian" for staying up all night fixing the broken dynamos aboard the ocean liner SS Oregon. Edison said to Batchelor, "this is a damned good man," following Tesla's confession that he had spent the entire night repairing the Oregon.

The creation of a street lighting system that relies on arc lamps was one of the tasks assigned to Tesla. Edison lost contracts in several places due to the incompatibility of their low-voltage incandescent system with the widely used arc lighting since the former required high voltages. Edison may have struck an installation arrangement with an arc lighting business or technological advancements in incandescent street lighting prevented the manufacturing of Tesla's ideas.

When Tesla left the Machine Works, he had worked there for a total of six months. It is not apparent what led to his departure. Maybe it was because of a bonus he was due for the redesigned generators or the shelved arc lighting system, but never received. Disputes between Tesla and the Edison firm occurred in the past when Tesla claimed bonuses that had gone underpaid. The manager of Edison Machine Works promised Tesla $50,000 to create "twenty-four different types of standard machines" "but it turned out to be a practical joke," according to Tesla's book. According to other accounts, Thomas Edison used the words "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor" before backtracking on his offer and the agreement. Both accounts agree that the incentive is unusually large, given that Machine Works boss Batchelor was frugal with salary and that the firm did not have the sum in question (equivalent to $1,695,556 today) available. On the two pages spanning December 7, 1884, and January 4, 1885, Tesla scribbled a note that said "Good By to the Edison Machine Works," the only entry in his journal pertaining to his dismissal from the company.

Not long after he departed from Edison, Tesla began the patenting process for an arc lighting system, which may have been the identical one he had created while employed there. To get assistance with filing the applications, he visited with Edison's patent attorney, Lemuel W. Serrell, in March 1885. Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, two businessmen introduced to Tesla by Serrell, consented to fund the establishment of the Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing Company, a utility and manufacturing firm specializing in arc lighting. Throughout the remainder of the year, Tesla toiled away at securing patents for various improvements to his DC generator—including the first patents ever granted to him in the United States—and constructing and establishing the system in Rahway, New Jersey. The technical press took note of Tesla's new system and made remarks about its sophisticated features.

Tesla pitched new kinds of electrical transmission gear and alternating current motors to investors, but they weren't too enthusiastic. They deemed the manufacturing portion of the company too competitive once the utility went live in 1886, so they elected to merely manage an electric utility. Instead of continuing with Tesla's business, they spun out a new utility, leaving the inventor with nothing. Since Tesla had already given his patents to the corporation in return for shares, he no longer had any say over them. In order to make ends meet, he dug ditches and did electrical repairs for $2 a day. "My high education in various branches of science, mechanics and literature seemed to me like a mockery," Tesla wrote later in life, describing that portion of 1886 as a difficult period.

Late in 1886, Tesla crossed paths with Charles Fletcher Peck, an attorney from New York, and Alfred S. Brown, a superintendent at Western Union. When it came to pushing innovations and patents for financial benefit and establishing businesses, the two men were pros. Financial support and management of Tesla's patents were contingent upon the inventor's innovative concepts for electrical equipment, such as a thermo-magnetic engine. In April 1887, they joined together to establish the Tesla Electric Company. They had already agreed that the royalty payments from their inventions would go to?3-Tesla, just one?Three to Brown and Peck, and one to whom?3 to finance the expansion. In Manhattan, at 89 Liberty Street, they established a laboratory for Tesla. There, he innovated and improved electric motors, generators, and other equipment.

In 1887, Tesla created an AC induction motor, which was a power system format that was quickly gaining popularity in the US and Europe due to its benefits in high-voltage transmission over long distances. This motor allegedly originated with Tesla in 1882 and relied on polyphase current to spin a revolving magnetic field. This groundbreaking electric motor, which first appeared in a patent in May 1888, was a straightforward self-starting design that eliminated the need for a commutator. This eliminated sparking and the heavy maintenance associated with regularly repairing and replacing mechanical brushes.

Peck and Brown not only had the motor patented, but they also planned to publicize it. This included having it independently tested to make sure it was a functional improvement, and then sending press releases to technical periodicals so that pieces could run with the patent announcement. Thomas Commerford Martin, editor of Electrical World magazine, and physicist William Arnold Anthony, who tested the motor, collaborated to arrange for Tesla to exhibit his AC motor to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers on May 16, 1888. George Westinghouse was already promoting an alternating current system when engineers from his company informed him that Tesla had a workable AC motor and associated power system. Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris produced and published a paper on a commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor in March 1888; Westinghouse considered patenting it, but ultimately judged that Tesla's patent would likely dominate the market. Ferraris worked on the motor in 1885.

To license George Westinghouse's ideas for polyphase induction motors and transformers, Brown and Peck struck a contract with him in July 1888. The price was sixty thousand dollars (in cash and stock) plus two and a half dollars (in royalties) for every AC horsepower that each motor generated. For one year, Westinghouse paid Tesla a hefty $2,000 (about $67,800 in today's money) to serve as a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Labs in Pittsburgh.

While in Pittsburgh that year, Tesla contributed to the development of the city's streetcars' alternating current system. Because of disagreements with his fellow Westinghouse engineers on the optimal use of AC power, he found this time to be quite frustrating. Since Tesla's induction motor could only run at a steady speed, they quickly realized that the 60-cycle AC system he had suggested wouldn't work for streetcars. However, they eventually agreed on the scheme anyway. The team ultimately decided to use a DC traction motor.

In 1888, at a period of intense rivalry among electric firms, Tesla demonstrated his induction motor, and Westinghouse licensed the patent that same year. The three major companies—Edison, Westinghouse, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company—were competing for growth in a capital-intensive industry. Although Westinghouse's alternating current system was more reliable and safer, Edison Electric's direct current system was supposedly superior, and Thomson-Houston occasionally took Edison's side in the "war of currents" propaganda effort. Because of the financial and technical constraints imposed by competing in this market, Westinghouse was unable to immediately construct Tesla's motor and the associated polyphase system.

Westinghouse Electric ran into problems two years after inking the Tesla deal. Westinghouse Electric had its investors demand repayment of their debts in 1890, when the financial crisis of the year began with the near-collapse of London's Barings Bank. Due to an unexpected lack of capital, the business had to refinance its obligations. Due to what seemed to be excessive expenditure on acquisitions, research, and patents—including the per motor royalty in the Tesla contract—the new financiers asked that Westinghouse reduce its spending. By that moment, the induction motor that Tesla had been working on had failed and was unable to go further. Despite the rarity of both the motor itself and the polyphase power infrastructure required to operate it, Westinghouse continued to pay a fixed royalty of $15,000. Early in 1891, George Westinghouse gave Tesla a frank explanation of his financial woes, threatening to relinquish control of Westinghouse Electric and force Tesla to "deal with the bankers" in order to collect future royalties if he couldn't satisfy the loan obligations. He released the firm from the royalty payment provision in the contract, perhaps because the benefits of Westinghouse continuing to promote the motor seemed apparent to Tesla. General Electric, formed by the 1892 merger of Edison and Thomson-Houston, and Westinghouse entered into a patent-sharing arrangement; six years later, Westinghouse paid $216,000 in one installment for Tesla's patent.

Tesla was able to follow his passions and become independently rich thanks to the royalties he received from licensing his AC patents. Starting in 1889, Tesla shifted his operations from the Liberty Street shop that Peck and Brown had leased to a succession of Manhattan workshop and laboratory sites that he used for the subsequent twelve years. Some of these buildings have laboratories on their fourth floors: 175 Grand Street (1889–1892), 33–35 South Fifth Avenue (1892–1895), and 46–48 East Houston Street (1895–1902). In these seminars, Tesla and his crew accomplished some of his most important work.

Tesla learnt about Heinrich Hertz's 1886–1888 tests that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, during his summer 1889 trip to the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris. Tesla attempted to build on these experiments by using a high-speed alternator he was making for an improved arc lighting system to power a Ruhmkorff coil. However, he discovered that the iron core got too hot and the insulation between the coil's main and secondary windings melted. Tesla devised his "oscillating transformer" to address this issue. It had an air gap—rather than insulation—between the main and secondary windings and a movable iron core. Its ultimate purpose was to generate alternating current at high frequencies with low current densities using what would later be known as the Tesla coil. In his subsequent work on wireless power, he would employ this resonant transformer circuit.

Using the high alternating current (AC) voltages produced by his Tesla coil, Tesla experimented with inductive and capacitive coupling power transmission after 1890. Using near-field inductive and capacitive coupling, he ignited Geissler tubes and even incandescent light bulbs from across the stage in a series of public demonstrations in an effort to establish a wireless lighting system. Over the course of the decade, he collaborated with a number of investors to develop many iterations of this novel lighting technology, but none of these efforts ever yielded a marketable end result.

While addressing audiences in St. Louis, Missouri, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association in 1893, Tesla expressed his certainty that his system could one day transmit "intelligible signals or perhaps even power to any distance without the use of wires" via the Earth.

The American Institute of Electrical Engineers, which Tesla held the position of vice president during 1892–1894 (together with the Institute of Radio Engineers), was one of the antecedents of the present-day IEEE.

An efficient variant of Tesla's induction motor was in the works by early 1893, according to Westinghouse engineer Charles F. Scott and later Benjamin G. Lamme. Lamme devised a rotary converter to provide compatibility with earlier single-phase AC and DC systems, allowing for the use of the polyphase system that was required. The "Tesla Polyphase System" became the marketing moniker for Westinghouse Electric's polyphase AC system once they figured out how to supply power to all possible consumers. They reasoned that alternative polyphase AC systems did not have the same patent priority as Tesla's.

Since Westinghouse Electric had a sizable section of the "Electricity Building" reserved for electrical displays at the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition, the business invited Tesla to take part in the event. To the American public, Westinghouse Electric showed the safety, dependability, and efficiency of a polyphase alternating current system that could power the other AC and DC exhibits at the fair, and the company's bid to power the Exposition with AC was a watershed moment in the history of AC power.

There was a designated area for showcasing the several iterations of Tesla's induction motor. An Egg of Columbus, which used a two-phase coil from an induction motor to spin a copper egg until it stood on end, was one of several demonstrations that demonstrated the revolving magnetic field that propelled them.

While the show was in session for six months, Tesla stopped by for a week to attend the International Electrical Congress and provide a number of demonstrations at the Westinghouse booth. In a specially darkened chamber, Tesla demonstrated his wireless lighting system, which he had previously shown in the United States and Europe. This presentation included lighting wireless gas-discharge lamps with high-voltage, high-frequency alternating current.

Someone took note:

Two tin-covered, hard-rubber plates dangled from the ceiling of the chamber. These, spaced around fifteen feet apart, were the transformers' terminals. The lights or tubes, which were not attached to any wires but could be held in the palm of one's hand in nearly any corner of the room, or placed on a table between the plates that were hanging, became illuminated as soon as the current was switched on. "Where they produced so much wonder and astonishment" was Tesla's London presentation of these identical tests and apparatus some two years before.

Presenting his steam-powered reciprocating electricity generator—a method he had copyrighted that year—at the International Electrical Congress at the Columbian Exposition Agriculture Hall, Tesla offered what he believed to be an improved method of producing alternating current. The oscillator worked by forcing steam into it and then releasing it via a number of ports; this caused a piston connected to an armature to move up and down. Rapid vertical and horizontal vibrations of the magnetic armature generated an alternating magnetic field. As a result, the nearby wire coils experienced an alternating electric current. It simplified the operation of a steam engine/generator, but failed to gain traction as a practical technical solution for power generation.

Head of the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company Edward Dean Adams consulted Tesla in 1893 to determine the optimal method of transmitting electricity from the falls. The optimal way to achieve so had been the subject of several open competitions and suggestions over the course of several years. Multiple American and European businesses put forth various solutions, including high-voltage DC, compressed air, two-and three-phase AC, and others. For an update on the status of all the competing systems, Adams contacted Tesla. According to Tesla, a two-phased system would be the most dependable, and he even mentioned a Westinghouse system that uses two-phase alternating current to power incandescent lamps. Following Tesla's recommendation and Westinghouse Electric's presentation at the Columbian Exposition, the firm contracted with Westinghouse Electric to construct a two-phase AC generating plant at Niagara Falls. The AC distribution system was also given to General Electric at the same time.

After a visit of Tesla's lab left an impression on Edward Dean Adams in 1895, he volunteered to help form the Nikola Tesla Company, which would go on to finance, develop, and market many of Tesla's patents and innovations, both old and new. After working with Peck and Brown on patents, Alfred Brown decided to join the team. Charles F. Coaney and William Birch Rankine completed the board. Due to the financial hardships of the mid-1890s and the failure of the wireless lighting and oscillators patents it had planned to commercialize, it was unable to attract investors. For decades, the firm was in charge of Tesla's patents.

Fire broke out at Tesla's laboratory in the South Fifth Avenue building at some ungodly hour on March 13, 1895. The fire began in the basement and quickly spread to the fourth story, where Tesla's lab, which was on the second level, before collapsing. Not only did the fire delay Tesla's continuing work, but it also burned down a plethora of early sketches, research papers, models, and demonstration pieces—many of which had previously been on display at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. "I am in too much grief to talk. What can I say?" Tesla told The New York Times. Rebuilding his lab on the sixth and seventh levels, Tesla relocated to 46 & 48 East Houston Street following the fire.

After noticing damaged film in his laboratory in earlier tests (eventually recognized as "Roentgen rays" or "X-rays"), Tesla started researching what he called radiant energy of "invisible" forms in 1894. Crookes tubes, an electrical discharge tube with a cold cathode, were the medium he initially tested with. While attempting to photograph Mark Twain under the light of a Geissler tube, an early form of gas discharge tube, Tesla may have unintentionally recorded an X-ray picture—just a few weeks before Wilhelm Röntgen announced the discovery of X-rays in December 1895. The photograph just displayed the camera's metal locking screw.

Following news of Röntgen's X-ray and X-ray imaging (radiography) discoveries in March 1896, Tesla began conducting his own X-ray imaging experiments. He created a high-energy, single-terminal vacuum tube without a target electrode that operated from the output of the Tesla coil; today, this device is known as bremsstrahlung, or braking radiation. Tesla developed many experimental apparatuses for the generation of X-rays during his studies. According to Tesla, his circuits might make it possible to create Roentgen rays with far more strength than what is available with regular equipment.

Working with his circuit and devices that produced X-rays from a single node was dangerous, as Tesla pointed out. He included many potential reasons for the skin damage in his extensive notes on the initial study of this event. From the start, he thought that ozone and, to a lesser degree, nitrous acid, rather than Roentgen rays, were responsible for skin damage. It was Tesla's mistake to assume that X-rays were the same kind of longitudinal waves generated by plasmas. These plasma waves can happen even in magnetic fields that don't apply any force.

In an article that appeared in the New York Herald Tribune on July 11, 1934, Tesla recounted an incident that occurred from time to time when working with his vacuum tubes that included a single electrode. A microscopic particle would detach from the cathode, escape the tube, and hit him:

According to Tesla, he experienced a searing agony at the point of entry and again at the point of exit. When asked about the difference between these particles and the metal pieces shot by his "electric gun," Tesla remarked, "The particles in the beam of force... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentrations."

During an electrical display at Madison Square Garden in 1898, Tesla showcased a boat–which he called a "telautomaton"–to the public that utilized a coherer-based radio control. Despite Tesla's best efforts, the United States military was uninterested in his proposed radio-controlled torpedo. Several nations included remote radio control into their military operations following World War I, when it was still a novel concept. At a meeting of the Commercial Club in Chicago on 13 May 1899, Tesla used the opportunity to further exhibit "Teleautomatics" throughout his journey to Colorado Springs.

Tesla devoted a substantial amount of time and money from the 1890s until 1906 to a number of endeavors aimed at perfecting the art of wireless electrical power transfer. It was a development on his earlier work with wireless lighting that involved transmitting electricity via coils. As he had said in his previous lectures, he envisioned this as a means of transmitting global communications as well as massive amounts of electricity.

Wirelessly transmitting communication signals over great distances, much alone massive amounts of electricity, was not a practical option when Tesla was coming up with his concepts. Early on in his career, Tesla investigated radio waves and found that Hertz had erred in several of his findings. It was also commonly believed at the time that this novel radiation type was a short-range phenomena, disappearing after traveling less than a mile. Although radio wave ideas may be correct, Tesla pointed out that they would serve no use to his goals since this "invisible light" would fade with distance and eventually become "hopelessly lost" in space, just like any other kind of radiation.

Midway through the 1890s, Tesla began toying with the concept that electricity could be able to travel great distances via the Earth or the atmosphere. In his lab on East Houston Street, he put up a massive resonance transformer magnifying transmitter to test this hypothesis. He seemed to have taken it upon himself to propose a system based on the prevailing belief at the time that the Earth's atmosphere was conductive. This system would involve sending and receiving electrodes through balloons suspended above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in altitude, where he believed the lower pressure would enable the transmission of high voltages (millions of volts) over great distances.

near 1899, Tesla established an experimental station at a high altitude near Colorado Springs to undertake more studies on the conductive properties of low-pressure air. An acquaintance had arranged for the El Paso Electric Light Company to offer free alternating current, and he could safely operate far larger coils there than in his New York facility. He persuaded John Jacob Astor IV to become a majority stakeholder in the Nikola Tesla Company and spend $100,000 (equivalent to $3,662,400 in today's currencies) so he could finance his experiments. The new wireless lighting system was Astor's primary investment, he believed. Tesla used the money on his projects in Colorado Springs instead. He informed the press upon his arrival that he intended to send signals from Pikes Peak to Paris as part of his wireless telegraphy research.

At one point, he unintentionally caused a power outage in El Paso while conducting experiments with a massive coil operating in the megavolt range; the results were artificial lightning (and thunder) with a voltage of millions of volts and discharges up to 135 feet (41 meters) in length. He mistakenly believed he could harness electrical energy from the entire Earth after listening to the electronic screech of lightning strikes.

While working in his lab, Tesla picked up on strange signals from his receiver, which he thought may be messages from another planet. He made reference to them in a December 1899 letter to a reporter and a December 1900 letter to the Red Cross Society. As soon as word got out that Tesla was receiving signals from Mars, reporters ran with the tale. Continuing from his essay "Talking With Planets" from 9 February 1901 in Collier's Weekly, he elaborated on the signals he had heard, explaining that it had not been immediately obvious to him that he was receiving "intelligently controlled signals" and that the signals may have originated from Mars, Venus, or any number of other planets. Some have speculated that in July 1899 he may have eavesdropped on experiments conducted in Europe by Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi might have sent out a naval demonstration signal consisting of the letter S (dot/dot/dot), the same three impulses that Tesla mentioned in Colorado, or signals from another wireless transmission experimenter.

The editor of The Century Magazine had agreed to publish an article detailing Tesla's discoveries. To capture the action in Colorado, the magazine dispatched a photographer. "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" was the title of the article that appeared in the magazine issue from June 1900. While he did lay out the benefits of his proposed wireless system, the essay read more like a philosophical rant than a straightforward scientific account of his work; the illustrations included Tesla's now-iconic photos from his trials in Colorado Springs.

While in New York, Tesla dined and won over investors at the Waldorf-Astoria Palm Garden (his home), The Players Club, and Delmonico's in an effort to fund his wireless transmission system. Gaining $150,000 (or $5,493,600 in today's values) in March 1901 from J. In exchange for a 51% stake in any wireless inventions developed, P. Morgan started making plans to construct the Wardenclyffe Tower complex near Shoreham, New York, which is 100 miles (161 km) east of the city on Long Island's North Shore.

In July 1901, Tesla had widened his objectives to construct a more robust transmitter, enabling him to outpace Marconi's radio-based system—which, according to Tesla, was an imitation of his own. He went to Morgan for additional funding to construct the bigger system, but Morgan flat-out declined. Marconi beat Tesla to the finish line in the race to send the letter S from England to Newfoundland in December 1901. Tesla attempted to convince Morgan to support an even grander scheme to transport electricity and communications by controlling "vibrations throughout the globe" a month subsequent to Marconi's achievement. In order to finish building Wardenclyffe, Tesla pleaded and demanded further funds from Morgan in over 50 letters over the following five years. Even after 1902 ended, Tesla kept working on the project for nine more months. It took 187 feet (57 m) to get the tower up to its maximum height. Tesla relocated his laboratory from Houston Street to Wardenclyffe in June 1902.

As Wall Street investors poured money into Marconi's system, some in the media started to cast doubt on Tesla's initiative, calling it a scam. Several factors, including financial difficulties, may have contributed to what Tesla historian Marc J. Seifer believes to have been a psychological collapse in 1906, which resulted to the project's suspension in 1905. To settle his $20,000 in Waldorf-Astoria debts—or $608,400 in today's dollars—Tesla took out a mortgage on the Wardenclyffe estate. After losing the property in foreclosure in 1915, the new owner dismantled the Tower in 1917 to turn it into a more valuable piece of real estate.

Tesla kept writing to Morgan even after Wardenclyffe shut down; following "the great man"'s" death, he wrote to Jack, Morgan's son, attempting to secure further finance for the project. In an effort to attract more investors, Tesla established an office at 165 Broadway in Manhattan in 1906. He planned to use the space to develop and sell his inventions. His subsequent office locations were the Metropolitan Life Tower from 1910 to 1914, the Woolworth Building for a short while before he left due to financial difficulties, and 8 West 40th Street from 1915 to 1925. His move to 8 West 40th Street basically put him out of business. He was struggling to generate fresh discoveries and most of his patents had expired.

In 1906, on the occasion of his 50th birthday, Tesla showcased a bladeless turbine capable of producing 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) at 16,000 rpm. New York's Waterside Power Station tested a number of his 100-5,000 horsepower bladeless turbine engines in 1910 and 1911. Between 1919 to 1922, Tesla was an employee at Allis-Chalmers in Milwaukee, one of numerous businesses with whom he collaborated. Engineering challenges prevented the Tesla turbine, which he and the company's head engineer Hans Dahlstrand spent much of their time honing, from ever being a functional device. The concept did find usage in high-end automobile speedometers and other devices when Tesla licensed it to a precision instrument manufacturer.

The British severed the transatlantic telegraph line that connected the United States and Germany when World War I broke out so they could regulate the flow of information. Furthermore, the US Marconi business attempted to halt German wireless connection with the US by suing the German radio business Telefunken for patent infringement. For their defense, Telefunken retained scientists Jonathan Zenneck and Karl Ferdinand Braun; for two years, they paid $1,000 each month to have Tesla testify as a witness. The United States' entry into the war against Germany in 1917 caused the lawsuit to delay and eventually become irrelevant.

The Marconi Company was the target of Tesla's attempted patent infringement suit in 1915. Although the United States government granted Marconi his first radio patent in 1897, his 1900 patent application for enhancements to radio transmission was initially rejected multiple times before being finally accepted in 1904 due to infringement on other patents, including two wireless power tuning patents issued in 1897 by Tesla. A similar case involving the Marconi Company's attempt to sue the US government for WWI patent infringements resulted in a 1943 judgment by the Supreme Court of the United States that reinstated the earlier patents of Oliver Lodge, John Stone, and Tesla; nevertheless, Tesla's 1915 action was unsuccessful. Since Marconi's claim to certain claimed advancements was dubious, the court ruled that the corporation could not assert infringement on certain patents; however, the court did state that their ruling did not impact Marconi's claim as the first to establish radio transmission.

William Henry Bragg and Lawrence Bragg were said to be receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics that year "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays" according to a Reuters news agency report from Stockholm that was published on 15 November, but a Reuters story from London that was published on 6 November had Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla awarded the prize. Back then, wild speculation circulated that either Tesla or Edison had turned down the award. The Nobel Foundation stated, "Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous"; it is possible for a recipient to decline a Nobel Prize only after he is proclaimed as its laureate.

Subsequently, biographers of Nikola Tesla have asserted that the award was originally bestowed upon both Edison and Tesla, and that this was not done out of animosity but rather to prevent the other from receiving the $20,000 prize money. They further state that the original recipients actively worked to diminish the other's accomplishments and merit, that they would never accept the award if it were bestowed upon them first, that they would never consider sharing it, and that a wealthy Edison even declined it in order to prevent Tesla from receiving the prize money.

Despite Edison receiving one of 38 available offers in 1915 and Tesla receiving one of 38 possible bids in 1937, none of these men earned a Nobel prize in the years following these reports.

Tesla received a slew of accolades and trophies during this period. They consist of:

St. Sava's Grand Officer (Serbia, 1892)

American Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal (1894)

Order of Prince Danilo I, Grand Cross (Montenegro, 1895)

Amateur philosopher (United States, 1896)

In 1916, the American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers bestowed the AIEE Edison Medal.

(Yugoslavia, 1926) Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sava

Serbian national honor, the Cross of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown [1931]

Prize in Honor of John Scott (Philadelphia, United States, 1934, Franklin Institute)

White Eagle Order (Yugoslavia, 1936)

The White Lion's Grand Cross (Czechoslovakia, 1937)

(Paris, France, 1937) University of Paris Medal

In 1939, Sofia, Bulgaria bestowed the University Medal of St. Clement of Ochrida.

Tesla tried to sell a number of ozone-generating products. To create a medicinal gel, he invented a device in 1896 that used his Tesla coil to bubble ozone through various oils; he then sold this equipment through his 1900 Tesla Ozone Company. A few years down the road, he made another attempt to perfect this formula for use in hospital room sanitizing.

According to Tesla, stimulating the brain with electricity might improve cognitive abilities. In 1912, he devised "a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity," which involved wiring a classroom and "saturating [the schoolroom] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency. The whole room will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'" At least in theory, superintendent William H. Maxwell of New York City schools gave his approval.

Tesla was trying to attract investors from other countries before WWI. The money that Tesla was getting from his patents in European countries dried up after the war broke out.

It was in the August 1917 issue of the Electrical Experimenter magazine that Tesla proposed a method for locating submarines using electricity. He proposed reflecting a "electric ray" of "tremendous frequency" onto a fluorescent screen, which he said had some superficial similarities to modern radar. The idea that radio waves of a high frequency may go across water was a mistake on Tesla's part. In 1953, Émile Girardeau, who collaborated with Tesla on the first French radar system in the 1930s, pointed out that Tesla was right about the requirement for a highly powerful high-frequency signal. According to Girardeau, "(Tesla) was prophesying or dreaming, since he had at his disposal no means of carrying them out, but one must add that if he was dreaming, at least he was dreaming correctly" .

The biplane design that Tesla patented in 1928—U.S. patent 1,655,114—could perform vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) and "gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices" while in flight, allowing it to fly like a regular plane. Tesla estimated that this ridiculous design would fetch less than $1,000.

By 1928, Tesla had lost both his laboratory and his financial support; nonetheless, he maintained an additional office at 350 Madison Ave.

During the year 1900, Tesla racked up a hefty tab while residing at the New York City Waldorf Astoria. After settling into the St. Regis Hotel in 1922, he continued his practice of vacating the property every few years while ignoring his mounting debt.

Tesla would go to the park daily to scatter food for the pigeons. At the window of his hotel room, he started feeding the birds and caring for sick or wounded ones. According to him, a particular wounded white bird would drop by his house every day. While the bird recovered from her damaged wing and leg, he spent more than $2,000 (or $36,410 in 2023) on her care, which included a gadget he constructed to keep her comfortable. According to Tesla,

For many years, I have been providing food for thousands of pigeons. One bird stood out, though; it was stunning in appearance—a stunning white bird with pale gray tips to its wings. Hey, that was a girl. She would swoop down to me at the drop of a hat if I just wished and called out to her. That pigeon adored me and I loved her like a man loves a woman. My life had meaning so long as she was in it.

The expulsion of Tesla from St. Regis occurred in 1923 as a result of his unpaid expenses and grievances over the pigeon mess. Both the Hotel Governor Clinton in 1934 and the Hotel Pennsylvania in 1930 forcibly removed him from his rooms. The Hotel Marguery was another place he stayed at.

In 1934, Tesla relocated to the Hotel New Yorker. His rent and $125 (or $2,850 in 2023 dollars) from Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company started coming in at the same time. Theories as to its origin differ. According to many reports, Westinghouse was worried—or maybe warned—about negative press that could come from its former star inventor's poverty. According to reports, Tesla is avoiding his usual objection to accepting charity by disguising the cash as a "consulting fee." A form of "unspecified settlement" was how Tesla biographer Marc Seifer characterized the Westinghouse payments.

One of Tesla's friends, the young writer Kenneth M. Swezey, planned a party to celebrate the inventor's 75th birthday in 1931. Not only was Tesla featured on the cover of Time magazine, but he also got congratulations from prominent personalities in science and engineering, such Albert Einstein. With his contributions to electrical power generation, he became known as "All the world's his power house" in the cover caption. After the success of the celebration, Tesla decided to make it a yearly tradition to host a lavish feast, complete with cuisine that he had invented himself. He wanted the journalists to witness his innovations and hear his anecdotes, opinions on current events, and occasionally bizarre assertions, so he extended an invitation.

Tesla boasted about his cosmic ray motor invention during the 1932 celebration.

After 35 years of research, Tesla was about to produce proof of a new type of energy in 1933, when he was 77 years old, according to reporters at the event. His assertion was that it was an inexpensive, 500-year-lasting energy theory that was "violently opposed" to Einsteinian physics. In addition to these projects, he informed reporters that he was advancing metallurgy, creating a method to picture the retina in order to capture thoughts, and working on a method to send personalized private radio frequencies.

At the event in 1934, Tesla informed the press that he had created a nuclear weapon that he asserted would put an end to all hostilities. The term "teleforce" was his official moniker, but his death ray was the more common one. The New York Times estimated the ray's range in 1940 to be 250 miles (400 km), and the development cost to be $2 million (about $43.5 million in 2023 dollars). In his description, Tesla envisioned it as a border defense weapon that would fend off attacks on ground troops or planes. Though he kept the weapon's inner workings a secret throughout his lifetime, Nikola Tesla's ideas for it eventually made their way to the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade in 1984. The New Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media explained how to charge slugs of tungsten or mercury to millions of volts and direct them in streams (through electrostatic repulsion). It also described an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that lets particles out. The US War Department, the UK, the USSR, and Yugoslavia were among the entities that Tesla sought to pique their interest in the gadget.

Tesla spoke a wide range of subjects at his 79th birthday celebration in 1935. He boasted about his mechanical oscillator's many inventions, including the cosmic ray, a method to generate direct current by induction, and his 1896 discovery of the latter. He informed reporters that an earthquake had rocked his lab at 46 East Houston Street and the surrounding streets in Lower Manhattan in 1898 while he described the invention, which he anticipated would bring in $100 million in two years. Later, he informed reporters that his oscillator could detonate 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of air pressure, which would be enough to bring down the Empire State Building. Additionally, he suggested sending vibrations into the earth with his oscillators. A method he coined "telegeodynamics" can pinpoint subterranean mineral reserves and communicate across great distances, he asserted.

The Czechoslovak envoy presented Tesla with the Order of the White Lion and the Yugoslav ambassador presented him with a medal during his 1937 celebration at the Grand Ballroom of the Hotel New Yorker. In response to queries about the death ray, Tesla said: "But it is not an experiment... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world."

The end of life

After midnight on a certain night in the fall of 1937, Tesla, who was 81 years old, departed from the Hotel New Yorker to fulfill his routine of feeding the pigeons at the cathedral and library. A driving taxicab hit Tesla as he crossed the street a few streets away from the hotel, sending him tumbling on the ground. In the collision, he cracked three ribs and had a badly strained back. Tesla never fully healed from his injuries, and his almost lifetime habit of refusing to see a doctor meant that the depth of his ailments were never known.

At the age of 86, Tesla passed away alone in Room 3327 of the Hotel New Yorker on 7 January 1943. Alice Monaghan, Tesla's maid, discovered his body after entering his room two days after he had posted a "do not disturb" notice. Health care examiner's assistant H.W. After reviewing the remains, Wembley determined that coronary thrombosis (a kind of heart attack) was the killer.

The FBI instructed the Alien Property Custodian to confiscate Tesla's possessions two days subsequently. The National Defense Research Committee enlisted the help of renowned electrical engineer and M.I.T. professor John G. Trump for an analysis of the Tesla products. Three days into the probe, Trump's assessment came to the conclusion that, in hostile hands, nothing posed a threat, saying:

Over the last fifteen years or more, most of Tesla's work has been theoretical, promotional, and speculative, with a focus on power generation and wireless transmission. However, he has failed to provide any new, solid, practical principles or methods for achieving these goals.

Hidden within what was believed to be a fragment of Tesla's "death ray" was a 45-year-old multidecade resistance box, which Trump discovered.

New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia delivered a live reading of a eulogy by Slovene-American poet Louis Adamic over WNYC radio on January 10, 1943, with violin compositions "Ave Maria" and "Tamo daleko" playing in the background. Two thousand mourners paid their respects at Tesla's state burial on January 12 at Manhattan's Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Cremation took place at Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York, after the service. Notable clergy led a second ceremony the next day at New York City's Trinity Chapel, which is now the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava.

A lifelong bachelor, Tesla had previously said that his lack of sexual relations aided his scientific acumen. "Now the soft-voiced gentlewoman of my reverent worship has all but vanished. In her place has come the woman who thinks that her chief success in life lies in making herself as much as possible like man—in dress, voice and actions..." (Galveston Daily News, 10 August 1924). Despite later admitting to a reporter that he occasionally felt he had sacrificed too much for his work by not marrying, Tesla chose not to pursue or engage in any known relationships, instead finding all the stimulation he needed in his work.

Tesla often isolated himself with his work and exhibited a lack of social skills. However, when he did participate in social activities, many people talked well of Tesla and expressed their admiration. His "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force" were characterized by Robert Underwood Johnson. Dorothy Skerrit, who was his secretary, said that "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul." "It was unusual to encounter a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, philosopher, appreciator of fine music, linguist, and connoisseur of food and drink," noted Julian Hawthorne, a friend of Tesla's.

Francis Marion Crawford, Robert Underwood Johnson, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey were all close friends of Tesla. While in his middle years, Tesla became Mark Twain's close friend and the two often spent time together, both in and out of his lab. Remember how Twain called Tesla's induction motor "the most valuable patent since the telephone"? When actress Sarah Bernhardt hosted a banquet for a Hindu monk named Swami Vivekananda in 1896, Tesla was a guest. Later in his writings, Vivekananda cited Tesla's claim that he could mathematically prove the bond between energy and matter, an assertion that Vivekananda had believed would provide scientific credence to Vedantic cosmology. Tesla spent several years studying Hindu and Vedic philosophy after his encounter with Swami Vivekananda piqued his interest in Eastern Science. In his subsequent essay "Man's Greatest Achievement," Tesla explains the connection between energy and matter by referring to the Sanskrit words akasha and prana. George Sylvester Viereck was a poet, writer, mystic, and Nazi propagandist that Tesla met in the 1920s. At dinners hosted by Viereck and his wife, Tesla would sometimes make an appearance.

When Tesla dismissed a secretary for being overweight, he was being quite severe and obviously disgusted by her. On many instances, Tesla told an employee to go home and change into something more appropriate since he was so quick to critique apparel. In the midst of The New York Times' lengthy coverage of Thomas Edison's life and death in 1931, Tesla offered the lone critical opinion:

He completely disregarded even the most basic standards of personal cleanliness, showed no interest in any form of entertainment, and had no hobbies whatsoever. His approach was incredibly wasteful; he had to cover a tremendous amount of land before he could acquire anything, barring some miracle. At first, I felt terrible for him since I knew that he could have saved a lot of work with some simple theory and math. However, he put his complete faith in his inventor's intuition and common American sense, and he had a genuine disdain for academic study and mathematical acumen.

In his twilight years, Tesla gave up meat and refined carbohydrates, subsisting instead on milk, bread, honey, and vegetable juices.

To Tesla, the idea that an electron could generate an electric charge was a complete fabrication, and he vehemently disagreed with the atomic theory that proposed this. If electrons did exist, in his view, they belonged to a separate physical category, a "sub-atom" that could only coexist in an idealized laboratory setting, and had nothing to do with electrical currents. In Tesla's view, atoms are unchangeable, meaning they cannot undergo phase transitions or nuclear fission. The idea of an ether that carried electrical energy was popular in the 19th century, and he bought into it.

Theories that attempted to transform matter into energy had Tesla's full opposition. As for Einstein's theory of relativity, he said:

Curvature is impossible in my view since space cannot possess any qualities. One may argue that God has possessions. He lacks everything except the qualities that we create for ourselves. When discussing qualities, we can only do so in relation to the material that occupies the room. It is the same as saying that anything may affect upon nothing if you argue that space gets curved when big bodies are around. Personally, I will not support such an ideology.

In 1935, he spoke of relativity as "a beggar wrapped in purple whom ignorant people take for a king" and claimed that his experiments had found that cosmic rays from Arcturus traveled fifty times faster than light.

In a letter he wrote in 1937, at the age of 81, Tesla asserted that he had invented a "dynamic theory of gravity" that "[would] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions, as that of curved space" and that he had begun working on this principle in 1892. Claiming to have "worked out in all details" the hypothesis, he expressed his desire to share it with the public shortly. His articles never went into further detail to explain his thesis.

Many of Tesla's biographers agree that he had a humanist worldview. Despite this, Tesla joined the ranks of his contemporaries who advocated for a kind of eugenics known as forced selective breeding.

Human "pity" has become an impediment to the "ruthless workings of nature," according to Tesla. Even if he did not believe in a "master race" or in the inherent superiority of humans, he nonetheless pushed for eugenics. A 1937 interview contains his statements:

... A newfound empathy on man's part started to impede the merciless processes of nature. Sterilization and the intentional manipulation of the mating impulse are the only ways that can reconcile with our ideas of race and civilization. It is often believed among eugenists that we should impose stricter regulations on marriage. It is absolutely unacceptable to allow someone who is not a good parent to have children. A century from now, mating with a eugenically unsuitable individual will be as common as marrying a repeat offender.

Speculating that "Queen Bees" will govern mankind in the future, Tesla lamented women's societal subordination and their fight for gender equality in 1926. He had faith that, in time, women would triumph over males.

"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War" (20 December 1914) was an article that Tesla wrote in which he predicted important events that would occur in the world after World War I. The League of Nations, in Tesla's view, was ill-suited to the problems and circumstances of the day.

Orthodox Christianity was Tesla's upbringing. In his later years, he denied ever being a "believer in the orthodox sense," spoke out against religious fanaticism, and declared, "Buddhism and Christianity are the greatest religions both in number of disciples and in importance." He also made statements like, "To me, the universe is simply a great machine which never came into being and never will end" and, "what we call'soul' or'spirit,' is nothing more than the sum of the functionings of the body. When this functioning ceases, the'soul' or'spirit' ceases likewise."

The works of Nikola Tesla include several books and essays published in periodicals. Among his works are Ben Johnston's 1983 compilation and editing of My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, drawn from a collection of 1919 magazine articles republished in 1977; David Hatcher Childress's 1993 compilation and editing of The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla; and finally, the Tesla Papers.

An article by Nikola Tesla titled "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" from 1900's The Century Magazine and another from his book Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla titled "Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency" are both freely accessible online.

Sava Kosanovi, a powerful Yugoslav politician and nephew of Tesla, put pressure on the family in 1952.Entire Tesla estate sent to Belgrade in eighty trunks with the N.T. insignia. With Kosanovi? in 1957?secretary Charlotte Muzar brought the remains of Nikola Tesla back to Serbia from America. The Nikola Tesla Museum shows the remains in a marble pedestal with a spherical that is gold-plated, containing the ashes. Included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Program, Nikola Tesla's Archive contains more than 160,000 original papers.

From his innovations, Tesla garnered almost 300 patents across the globe. Diverse sources have unearthed previously unknown Tesla patents from the patent archives. As far as anybody can tell, 26 different nations have granted Tesla at least 278 patents. Not only did the US, UK, and Canada grant Tesla a slew of patents, but many other nations also gave their stamp of approval to Tesla's innovations. Tesla did not seek patent protection for many of his innovations.


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